Pitagora zivot i ucenje
PITAGORA ZIVOT I UCENJEPitagora (grč. Πυθαγόρας, otok Sam, oko 582. - Mezopotamija oko 496. pr. Kr.) često se prikazuje kao prvi "pravi" matematičar. On je vrlo važna osoba koja je doprinijela razvoju matematike, iako u biti znamo malo o njegovom matematičkom radu. Za razliku od mnogih kasnijih grčkih matematičara, od kojih imamo očuvanu bar neku knjigu koju su napisali, nije sačuvano nažalost ništa od Pitagorinih djela. Skupina učenjaka koju je vodio, napola religijska a napola znanstvena, slijedila je načelo tajanstvenosti, zbog čega nam je danas Pitagora tako tajanstvena osoba. Ipak, neke detalje iz Pitagorinog života znamo zahvaljujući njegovim ranim biografijama koje se oslanjaju na važne originalne izvore i koje svjedoče o Pitagori kao božanskoj osobi. Neki povjesničari ove podatke smatraju samo zanimljivim legendama ono što je sigurno je činjenica da su ove biografije zaista vrlo stare.
Pitagora je rođen na grčkom otoku Samosu, kao sin bogatog i zaslužnog trgovca s kojim je mnogo putovao. Na tim se putovanjima mladi Pitagora susreo s mnogim učiteljima i misliocima iz onog vremena koji su ga poučavali filozofiji i znanosti. Jedan od tih učitelja bio je i glasoviti Tales iz Mileta. Kaže se da je Pitagora posjetio Talesa u Miletu kada mu je bilo između 18 i 20 godina. U to je vrijeme Tales bio star čovjek i njegova su otkrića utjecala da se Pitagora još više zainteresira za matematiku i astronomiju, te je savjetovao Pitagoru da otputuje u Egipat gdje će još više naučiti o područjima koja ga zanimaju.
Otprilike 535. pr. Kr. Pitagora je otputovao u Egipat. Tamo je sudjelovao u mnogim filozofskim raspravama sa svećenicima i učenjacima. Nakon ritualne svečanosti, i sam Pitagora je postao hramski svećenik u Diospolisu. Ideje koje će kasnije propovijedati na svojoj školi u Italiji zasigurno imaju korijene u egipatskim hramovima: na primjer, tajnovitost egipatskog svećenstva, njihovo odbijanje jedenja boba, odbijanje oblačenja odjeće koja se dobiva od kože životinja, njihov zavjet čistoće itd... Sve je to utjecalo kasnije na rituale, strogost i tajnovitost Pitagorejske škole.
Nakon 10 godina boravka u Egiptu, Perzijsko Carstvo je napalo i okupiralo Egipat. Kao i mnogi njegovi suvremenici, Pitagora je odveden kao ratni zarobljenik u Babilon. Tamo je mnogo naučio o njihovoj religiji, znanosti i kulturi. Nakon 5 godina zarobljeništva, 520. god. pr. Kr. vraća se na Samos. U biografijama nigdje ne stoji kako se to Pitagora oslobodio zarobljeništva u Babilonu. Na Samosu osniva školu, pod nazivom "polukrug", koja je i stoljećima kasnije mještanima otoka služila kao okupljalište mislioca. Međutim, zbog metoda, strogosti i načina mišljenja koje su bile vrlo slične onima koje je naučio u Egiptu, stanovnici sa Samosa, naučeni na drugačiji način mišljenja, nisu bili zadovoljni Pitagorinim poučavanjem. Zato je otplovio u južnu Italiju, u grad Krotonu (današnja Crotona, na peti talijanske "čizme") gdje je stekao mnoge sljedbenike. Ustanovio je matematičku školu u kojoj su učenici obdržavali stroga pravila družbe. Školu danas nazivamo Pitagorejskom školom, a njegove sljedbenike Pitagorejcima. Društvo se sastojalo od dva kruga: unutrašnji krug činili su učitelji i matematičari, a vanjski učenici. Članovi unutranjeg kruga, među kojima je bio i sam Pitagora, nisu imali privatnog vlasništva, morali su biti vegetarijanci i živjeti u zajednici. Članovi vanjskog kruga nisu morali biti vegetarijanci, mogli su imati privatno vlasništvo i stanovali su u vlastitim kućama. I muškarci i žene su mogli postati članovi Društva, nekoliko sljedbenica Pitagorejki kasnije su postale poznati filozofi.
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